Zeolites are crystalline solids structures made of silicon, aluminum and oxygen that form a framework with cavities and channels inside where cations, water and/or small molecules may reside. Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates with open 3D framework structures built of SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra linked to each other by sharing all the oxygen atoms to form regular intra-crystalline cavities and channels of molecular dimensions. A defining feature of zeolites is that their frameworks are made up of 4-coordinated atoms forming tetrahedra. Zeolites form with many different crystalline structures, which have large open pores in a very regular arrangement and roughly the same size as small molecules. Zeolites are very stable solids that resist the kinds of environmental conditions that challenge many other materials. Zeolites have regular openings in them of fixed size, which let small molecules pass straight through but trap larger ones; that's why they're sometimes referred to as molecular sieves. The important use for zeolites is as catalysts in drug production and in the petrochemical industry, where they're used in catalytic crackers to break large hydrocarbon molecules into gasoline, diesel, kerosene, waxes and all kinds of other byproducts of petroleum.
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