Gibbs Energy

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Gibbs free energy, also known as the Gibbs function, Gibbs energy, or free enthalpy, is a quantity that is used to measure the maximum amount of work done in a thermodynamic system when the temperature and pressure are kept constant. The Gibbs free energy of the system is a state function because it is defined in terms of thermodynamic properties that are state functions. The change in the Gibbs free energy of the system that occurs during a reaction is therefore equal to the change in the enthalpy of the system minus the change in the product of the temperature times the entropy of the system.

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Lattice Energy

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Lattice energy is a measure of the strength of the ionic bonds in an ionic compound. It provides insight into several properties of ionic solids including their volatility, their solubility, and their hardness. The lattice energy of an ionic solid cannot be measured directly. The two primary factors that affect the lattice energy of an ionic compound are the magnitude of charge associated with the constituent ions and the distance between the ions.

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Biomedical Applications

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Biomedical application that aims to deliver anticancer drugs to the specific site of the tumour and avoid damage to surrounding healthy cells. Biomedical application of nanoparticles is magnetic hyperthermia treatment. Magnetic hyperthermia treatment treats tumours by heating them to above 42 °C to destroy the cancerous cells. The benefit of this technique over chemotherapy is that it specifically targets the tumour and does not damage the surrounding healthy tissue. Biomedical applications of nanocelluloses may be divided into two main categories: applications in which nanocelluloses are used as a bioinert materials and those that demand bioactivated nanocelluloses. Biomedical applications include novel nanodrug delivery system and nanocancer imaging.

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Biomedical Engineering

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Biomedical engineering, or bioengineering, is the application of engineering principles to the fields of biology and health care. Bioengineers work with doctors, therapists and researchers to develop systems, equipment and devices in order to solve clinical problems. Biomedical engineers differ from other engineering disciplines that have an influence on human health in that biomedical engineers use and apply an intimate knowledge of modern biological principles in their engineering design process. There are many subdisciplines within biomedical engineering, including the design and development of active and passive medical devices, orthopedic implants, medical imaging, biomedical signal processing, tissue and stem cell engineering, and clinical engineering.

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Graphene

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Graphene is a one-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It is the building-block of Graphite, but graphene is a remarkable substance on its own with a multitude of astonishing properties. Graphene is the thinnest material known to man at one atom thick, and also incredibly stronger than steel. It is truly a material that could change the world, with unlimited potential for integration in almost any industry. Graphene is an extremely diverse material, and can be combined with other elements to produce different materials with various superior properties. The usage of graphene in energy storage is most notably researched through the use of graphene in advanced electrodes. Graphene is highly inert and so can act as a corrosion barrier between oxygen and water diffusion.

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Zeolites

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Zeolites are crystalline solids structures made of silicon, aluminum and oxygen that form a framework with cavities and channels inside where cations, water and/or small molecules may reside. Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates with open 3D framework structures built of SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra linked to each other by sharing all the oxygen atoms to form regular intra-crystalline cavities and channels of molecular dimensions. A defining feature of zeolites is that their frameworks are made up of 4-coordinated atoms forming tetrahedra. Zeolites form with many different crystalline structures, which have large open pores in a very regular arrangement and roughly the same size as small molecules. Zeolites are very stable solids that resist the kinds of environmental conditions that challenge many other materials. Zeolites have regular openings in them of fixed size, which let small molecules pass straight through but trap larger ones; that's why they're sometimes referred to as molecular sieves. The important use for zeolites is as catalysts in drug production and in the petrochemical industry, where they're used in catalytic crackers to break large hydrocarbon molecules into gasoline, diesel, kerosene, waxes and all kinds of other byproducts of petroleum.

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Wet Nanotechnology

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Wet nanotechnology involves in operating up to massive plenty from tiny ones. Wet nanotechnology needs water during which the method happens and additionally involves chemists and biologists making an attempt to achieve larger scales by developing individual molecules. Wet nanotechnology, on the other hand, studies nanoscale materials on a biological level, including cell parts. When the research in the field of nanotechnology first began to explode in the late twentieth century, dry nanotechnology was given priority, but now biologists and geneticists have stepped forward, developing materials to build structures that are essential for human life. wet nanotechnology have serious implications for the future of medicine and genetics. Instead of being put on wait lists for organ transplants, patients could have their damaged organs replaced with tissues built using wet nanotechnology.

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Computational Biophysics

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Computational biophysics uses numerical algorithms to study the physical principles underlying biological phenomena and processes. It provides a means of approximating solutions for theoretical biophysical problems lacking closed-form solutions, and simulating systems for which experiments are deemed infeasible. Theoretical and Computational Biophysicists are at the forefront of developing and using theoretical approaches to extend our understanding of biological processes associated with protein and nucleic acid structure, folding, misfolding and assembly, drug discovery and design and cellular processing.

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Polymer Dispersions

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Polymer dispersion is produced by polymerization of at least two different ethylenically unsaturated monomers in at least first and second stages. Any polymer produced in further polymerization stages comprises no more than 10% by weight of the total monomer composition and the glass transition temperature of the hypothetical uniform copolymer produced by the total monomer composition. The dispersion polymerization approach might offer an effective solution to bead production in many situations if the precise balance of solvent composition, imprinting recipe and synthetic conditions can be appropriately matched to produce particles with the desired size, morphology, porosity and binding characteristics.

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Thermoplastics

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Thermoplastics are defined as polymers that can be melted and recast almost indefinitely. They are molten when heated and harden upon cooling. Thermoplastics have a simple molecular structure comprising chemically independent macromolecules. Thermoplastic materials are used for a wide range of applications from consumer goods to medical equipment, depending on the type of material. Commodity thermoplastics are the easiest to process and are used to manufacture products in high volumes. These materials are best for applications like packaging, clothing, food, and beverages. Thermoplastic elastomers are known as two-phase systems because they are created when a hard-thermoplastic phase is combined mechanically or chemically with a soft elastomer phase, taking characteristics from both phases to form the final product. Thermoplastics can replace metals with a considerable weight savings , providing proper care is taken in design. Most thermoplastics have better fatigue properties than metals and will tolerate larger deflections than metals without deforming.

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Electro Chemistry

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Electricity can be produced when electrons move from one element to another in certain types of reactions. Electrochemistry is also concerned with chemical phenomena that involve charge separation. Electrochemistry is the chemistry that deals with the study of the relationship between electrical energy and chemical changes. Chemical reactions that involve the input or generation of electric currents are called electrochemical reactions. Voltaic cells are driven by a spontaneous chemical reaction that produces an electric current through an outside circuit. These cells are important because they are the basis for the batteries that fuel modern society. The reverse reaction in each case is non-spontaneous and requires electrical energy to occur

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Energy Chemistry

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Energy is defined as the ability to do work where work is the movement of a body to be some force. We need energy all the time and energy comes in various forms. The chemical reaction and mostly produces heat as a by-product, known as an exothermic reaction. The examples of stored chemical energy are biomass, batteries, natural gas, petroleum, and coal. Mostly, when the chemical energy is released from a substance, it is transformed into a new substance completely. Chemical energy is contained in the gasoline molecules that are used to power cars. When gas ignites in the engine, the bonds within its molecules are broken, and the energy released is used to drive the pistons. The potential energy stored within chemical bonds can be harnessed to perform work for biological processes.

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Material Recycling

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Recycling has become the major process going on in the industries. Anything that can serve as the source to make other things is called recyclable materials. The materials that can be recycled are glass, aluminum, plastic water bottles, metal scrap, different kinds of paper, electronics –computers, cellular phones, keyboards, batteries and other small electronic equipment, textile, wood, wire, cables, plastic product, rubber etc. Recycling can help reduce the quantities of solid waste deposited in landfills, which have become increasingly expensive. Recycling also reduces the pollution of air, water, and land resulting from waste disposal.

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Organic Geochemistry

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Organic Geochemistry is the outgrowth of the application of the principles and methods of organic chemistry to petroleum refining and petroleum geology. Geochemistry has applications to other subdisciplines within geology, as well as to disciplines relatively far removed from it. The behavior of biological materials and their subsequent disposition are important aspects of geochemistry, generally termed organic geochemistry and biogeochemistry.

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Analytical Reagent

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Analytical reagent is a class of chemical reagents for analytical testing with being able to provide molecules, ions or radicals in the qualitative or quantitative analysis, and the reaction product being precipitated or colored compound or fluorescent substance. The most important feature of the analysis reagent is the sensitivity and selectivity, even if the number of the test substance is little or the ion concentration is also small, the reagent can also be used for identification or quantitative determination. Organic reagents are widely used in analysis chemistry and are mainly used in solvents, precipitation agents, complexing agents, indicators, reagents and surface active agents. In order to adapt to a variety of analytical demands, sometimes it is required to apply purification process to certain reagents with organic reagent liquid often being purified by distillation while solid matter can be purified through crystallization or sublimation method.

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Biopolymers

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Biopolymers are polymers that occur in nature. Carbohydrates and proteins, for example, are biopolymers. Many biopolymers are already being produced commercially on large scales, although they usually are not used for the production of plastics. Even if only a small percentage of the biopolymers already being produced were used in the production of plastics, it would significantly decrease our dependence on manufactured, non-renewable resources. The applications of biopolymers are vast but here at Novozymes we are mainly interested in the pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of biopolymers. Biopolymers are ideal excipients, building blocks, carrier and protective agents used to improve the performances of other biologically active molecules in a product. They can also be modified to serve a particular purpose which explains the multitude of potential applications.

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Electro Catalysis

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Electrocatalysts are a specific form of catalysts that function at electrode surfaces or may be the electrode surface itself. An electrocatalyst can be heterogeneous such as a platinum surface or nanoparticles, or homogeneous like a coordination complex or enzyme. The electrocatalyst assists in transferring electrons between the electrode and reactants, and facilitates an intermediate chemical transformation described by an overall half reaction. Electrocatalysis may be defined as the relative ability of different substances, when used as electrode surfaces under the same conditions, to accelerate a given electrochemical process.

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