Heterogeneous catalysis is a type of catalysis in which the catalyst occupies a different phase from the reactants and products. This may refer to the physical phase solid, liquid or gas but also to immiscible fluids. Heterogeneous catalysts can be more easily recycled than homogeneous, but characterization of the catalyst and optimization of properties can be more difficult. Many catalytic processes are known in which the catalyst and the reactants are not present in the same phase that is, state of matter. These are known as heterogeneous catalytic reactions. They include reactions between gases or liquids or both at the surface of a solid catalyst. Since the surface is the place at which the reaction occurs, it generally is prepared in ways that produce large surface areas per unit of catalyst; finely divided metals, metal gauzes, metals incorporated into supporting matrices, and metallic films have all been used in modern heterogeneous catalysis.
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