Biodegradable Polymeric Materials

#MatCongress2021

Biodegradable electronics have great potential to reduce the environmental footprint of devices and enable advanced health monitoring and therapeutic technologies. Biodegradability is not unanimously consistent across the literature, the minimum consensus is that biodegradable materials can be broken down into smaller constituent pieces at biologically benign or physiological conditions.

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Bacterial Polyesters

#MatCongress2021

Bacterial polyesters, polyhydroxyalkanoic acids, are accumulated in the form of nanogranular inclusions in the cells of many bacteria and may serve as carbon and energy reserves. The mechanism of bacterial synthesis of polymers and copolymers of hydroxyalkanoic acids is described. The structural and physicochemical properties of polymers obtained by biosynthesis are identical to those of the polymers obtained by polymerisation of lactones.

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Natural Materials

 #MatCongress2021

Natural materials are defined as products and physical materials from the natural world. A natural material is any product or physical matter that comes from plants, animals, or the ground. Minerals and the metals that can be extracted from them are also considered to belong into this category. There is a wide variety of natural materials that exist, and they can be roughly grouped into two categories: organic natural materials and inorganic natural materials.

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Magnetic Nanochains

#MatCongress2021

The organization of nanoscopic magnets into anisotropic structures represents a smart, bottom-up approach for creating highly anisotropic magnets with mesoscopic control over the magnetic anisotropy. Such architectures are of interest for many applications, like drug delivery, bioanalysis, data and energy storage, sensors, and catalysis. Magnetic nanoparticles are attractive for the above-mentioned applications due to the remarkable magnetic properties they maintain at scales of a few nanometers. Clever functionalization of the NP surface improves their stability; magnetic properties; or helps them to mediate their mutual supramolecular interactions, or to react in the sense of dynamic covalent chemistry.

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Thin films

#MatCongress2021

A microscopically thin layer of material that is deposited onto a metal, ceramic, semiconductor or plastic base. Typically less than one micron thick, thin films can be conductive or dielectric and are used in myriad applications. Thin films have a great impact on the modern era of technology. Thin films are considered as backbone for advanced applications in the various fields such as optical devices, environmental applications, telecommunications devices, energy storage devices.

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Coatings

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A coating, from a surface engineering point of view, is a layer of material deposited onto a substrate to enhance the surface properties for corrosion and wear protection. There is a wide range of coating processes for depositing many different types of material at thicknesses ranging from just a few microns, up to several millimetres. The different types of coatings can be categorized in many ways. The coating protects the substrate from deterioration due to electrochemical reaction with the environment.Thus it improves the useful life of structures, pipelines and other vital equipment, and eliminates some of the life threatening failures and costs related to repair and premature replacements.

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Biosensor

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The term biosensor is short for biological sensor. The device is made up of a transducer and a biological element that may be an enzyme, an antibody or a nucleic acid. The bioelement interacts with the analyte being tested and the biological response is converted into an electrical signal by the transducer. Depending on their particular application, biosensors are also known as immunosensors, optrodes, resonant mirrors, chemical canaries, biochips, glucometers and biocomputers. Biosensors are highly valuable devices for measuring a wide spectrum of analytes including organic compounds, gases, ions and bacteria.

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Nano Drug Delivery

#MatCongress2021

Nanotechnology has enabled the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies, such as advances in targeted drug delivery systems. Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nanoscale range are employed to serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner.

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Drug Design

#MatCongress2021

Drug design, sometimes referred to as rational drug design or more simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. Drug design is an integrated developing discipline which portends an era of tailored drug. It involves the study of effects of biologically active compounds on the basis of molecular interactions in terms of molecular structure or its physico-chemical properties involved. It studies the processes by which the drug produce their effects, how they react with the protoplasm to elicit a particular pharmacological effect or response how they are modified or detoxified, metabolized or eliminated by the organism.

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Chemoinformatics

#MatCongress2021

Chemoinformatics is the use of computer and informational techniques, applied to a range of problems in the field of chemistry. It is also known as chemoinformatics and chemical informatics. Chemoinformatics can also be applied to data analysis for various industries such as paper and pulp, dyes and such allied industries. The primary application of chemoinformatics is in the storage of information relating to compounds.

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Liquid Crystalline Polymers

#MatCongress2021

Liquid crystalline polymers are a special type of thermoplastics that exhibit properties between highly ordered solid crystalline materials and amorphous disordered liquids over a well defined temperature range. The most common LCPs are liquid crystalline polyesters which can be produced by polycondensation of an aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid and an aromatic dicarboxylic acid with an alipahtic diol as a coreactant. LC polymers are also widely used as functional materials in all kinds of optic and optoelectronic devices because their anisotropic material properties such as refractive index, birefringence, selective light reflection and transmitance, color characteristics are tunable by temperature, mechanical stress, and electromagnetic radiation and fields.

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Mechanical Optimization

#MatCongress2021

Optimization is a method of obtaining the best result under the given circumstances. It plays a vital role in machine design because the mechanical components are to be designed in an optimal manner. While designing machine elements, optimization helps in a number of ways to reduce material cost, to ensure better service of components, to increase production rate, and many such other parameters.

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Biosynthesis

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Biosynthesis is the generation of natural products through enzymatic reactions, as in cellular metabolism. Successive enzymatic reactions by a number of enzymes are generally required to achieve a single biologically active compound. Biosynthesis refers to the production of a complex chemical compound from simpler precursors in a living organism. It is usually involving enzymes that will catalyze the reaction and energy source.

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Oxide Ceramics

#MatCongress2021

Oxide ceramics are technical Ceramics and are thus categorised as non-metallic mineral materials. The particles in oxide ceramic masses are held together by ionic bonding. Oxide ceramics are inorganic compounds of metallic or metalloid elements with oxygen. Oxides can be combined with nitrogen or carbon to form more complex oxynitride or oxycarbide ceramics. Oxide ceramics have high melting points, low wear resistance, and a wide range of electrical properties. The minerals used to make these ceramic materials are crushed or ground into a fine powder that is purified by adding it to a solution and allowing a chemical precipitate to form.

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Biomimetic Mineralization

#MatCongress2021

Biomimetic mineralization exploits natural biomineralization processes for the design and fabrication of synthetic functional materials. Here, we report for the first time the use of carbohydrates for the biomimetic crystallization of metal–organic frameworks. A goal of biomimetic mineralization is to adopt and translate the self-assembly processes found in natural biological systems to the development of a general method for encapsulating bioactive molecules within protective exteriors.

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Bacterial Mineralization

#MatCongress2021

The mineralisation term mentions the development of inorganic precipitation over an organic background. This process occurs in a life span of biological organism for the formation of bone, teeth, exoskeletons, egg shells, etc. So, basically bone mineralisation is defined as the process of deposition of minerals on the bone matrix for the development of bone. A variety of viable and non-viable bacteria became mineralized with hydroxyapatite when implanted in dialysis bags in the peritoneal cavities of rats. The microscopic pattern of mineral deposition appeared analogous to that in the formation of oral calculus.

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Molecular Modelling

#MatCongress2021

Molecular modelling encompasses all theoretical methods and computational techniques used to mimic and study the structure and behaviour of molecules, ranging from small chemical systems to large biological molecules and material assemblies. Molecular modeling has become a valuable and essential tool to medicinal chemists in the drug design process. Molecular modeling describes the generation, manipulation or representation of three-dimensional structures of molecules and associated physico-chemical properties. It involves a range of computerized techniques based on theoretical chemistry methods and experimental data to predict molecular and biological properties.

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Systems Biology

#MatCongress2021

Systems biology has been responsible for some of the most important developments in the science of human health and environmental sustainability. Systems biology, the study of the interactions and behaviour of the components of biological entities, including molecules, cells, organs, and organisms. Systems biology as a formal, organized field of study, however, emerged from the genomics revolution, which was catalyzed by the Human Genome and the availability to biologists of the DNA sequences of the genomes of humans and many other organisms.

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Crystal Structure

#MatCongress2021

Crystals can be grown under moderate conditions from all 92 naturally occurring elements except helium, and helium can be crystallized at low temperatures by using 25 atmospheres of pressure. Binary crystals are composed of two elements. Crystal Structure is obtained by attaching atoms, groups of atoms or molecules. This structure occurs from the intrinsic nature of the constituent particles to produce symmetric patterns. A small group of a repeating pattern of the atomic structure is known as the unit cell of the structure. A unit cell is the building block of the crystal structure and it also explains in detail the entire crystal structure and symmetry with the atom positions along with its principal axes. The length, edges of principal axes and the angle between the unit cells are called lattice constants or lattice parameters.

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Solution Chemistry

#MatCongress2021

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution may exist in any phase. A solution consists of a solute and a solvent. The solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent. The amount of solute that can be dissolved in solvent is called its solubility.

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Catalytic Activity

#MatCongress2021

Catalytic activity increase in the rate of a specified chemical reaction caused by an enzyme or other catalyst under specified assay conditions. It is measured in katals or in moles per second. Catalyst activities were determined in a quartz reactor equipped with an external recycle pump. The effluent flow rate was 130 cc/min, and the recycle ratio was about 20 to ensure complete mixing. Hence, prior to each run the catalyst was pretreated in air at 300 °C for 2 h. The catalyst was cooled to room temperature, and switched to the reaction mixture, and the temperature was increased to about 450 °C.

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Chemical Fertilizers

#MatCongress2021

Chemical fertilizers are synthetic substances that provide the necessary nutrients for healthy plant growth and development. Chemical fertilizers combine synthetic forms of the primary macronutrients for plants such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as a variety of micronutrients and additives. Synthetically developed fertilizers provide the benefit of having more nutrients per pound than organic fertilizers, thus reducing costs. Chemical fertilizers have many uses for the average gardener and homeowner, as well as for commercial use.

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Ionization

#MatCongress2021

Ionization is the process in which an atom or a molecule gains or loses electrons to form charged ion. Ionization can result from the loss of an electron after collisions with energetic subatomic particles. Radiation Dosimetry. Ionization, in chemistry and physics, any process by which electrically neutral atoms or molecules are converted to electrically charged atoms or molecules. Ionization is one of the principal ways that radiation, such as charged particles and X rays, transfers its energy to matter. Ionization is the process in which an atom or a molecule gains or loses electrons to form charged ion. Ionization can result from the loss of an electron after collisions with energetic subatomic particles, collisions with other atoms, molecules and ions, or through the interaction with electromagnetic radiation.

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Diatomic Molecule

#MatCongress2021

Diatomic molecules contain two atoms that are chemically bonded. If the two atoms are identical, as in, for example, the oxygen molecule, they compose a homonuclear diatomic molecule, while if the atoms are different, as in the carbon monoxide molecule, they make up a heteronuclear diatomic molecule. Molecules containing more than two atoms are termed polyatomic molecules. Polymer molecules may contain many thousands of component atoms.

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Chain Reaction

#MatCongress2021

Chain reaction, in chemistry and physics, process yielding products that initiate further processes of the same kind, a self-sustaining sequence. Examples from chemistry are burning a fuel gas, the development of rancidity in fats, knock in internal-combustion engines, and the polymerization of ethylene to polyethylene. The best-known examples in physics are nuclear fissions brought about by neutrons. Chain reactions are in general very rapid but are also highly sensitive to reaction conditions, probably because the substances that sustain the reaction are easily affected by substances other than the reactants themselves. So-called branching chain reactions are a form of chain reaction in which the number of chain carriers increases in each propagation. Nuclear chain reactions are series of nuclear fissions, each initiated by a neutron produced in a preceding fission.

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Chelating Agents

#MatCongress2021

Chelating agents are chemical compounds that react with metal ions to form a stable, water-soluble complex. They are also known as chelants, chelators, or sequestering agents. Chelating agents have a ring-like center which forms at least two bonds with the metal ion allowing it to be excreted. Chelating agents are usually organic compounds. Chelation is the formation or presence of two or more separate coordinate bonds between a polydentate ligand and a single central atom. Usually these ligands are organic compounds and are called chelants, chelators, chelating agents, or sequestering agents; the resulting complexes are called chelate compounds.

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Photocatalysis

#MatCongress2021

Photocatalysis is the activity occurring when a light source interacts with the surface of semiconductor materials, the so called photocatalysts. During this process, there must be at least two simultaneous reactions occurring, oxidation from photogenerated holes, and reduction from photogenerated electrons. The photocatalyst itself should not undergo change and therefore a precise synchronisation of the two processes needs to take place. Photocatalysis can be successfully used in a real environment to decompose pollutants and enhance the quality of the atmospheric air. Photocatalysis can therefore be used in the building sector to improve indoor air quality.

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Bio-related Chemistry

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Bio-Functional Chemistry

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Electromagnetism

#MatCongress2021

Electromagnetism is a branch of Physics that deals with the electromagnetic force that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces and exhibits electromagnetic fields such as magnetic fields, electric fields, and light. It is the basic reason electrons bound to the nucleus and responsible for the complete structure of the nucleus. Electromagnetism is a process where a magnetic field is created by introducing the current in the conductor. When a conductor is electrically charged it generates magnetic lines of force of conductor.

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Granules

#MatCongress2021

A granular material is a collection of distinct macroscopic particles, such as sand in an hourglass or peanuts in a container.  The evolution of the particles follows Newton's equations, with repulsive forces between particles that are non-zero only when there is a contact between particles.  Although granular materials are very simple to describe they exhibit a tremendous amount of complex behavior. In granular materials this constitutive relation does not hold and evidence points to a quadratic relation between stress and strain rate

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Isomerism

#MatCongress2021

Isomerism is the phenomenon in which more than one compounds have the same chemical formula but different chemical structures. Chemical compounds that have identical chemical formulae but differ in properties and the arrangement of atoms in the molecule are called isomers. The functional groups and the atoms in the molecules of these isomers are linked in different ways. Different structural isomers are assigned different IUPAC names since they may or may not contain the same functional group. There are two general types of isomers. Constitutional isomers are molecules of different connectivity analogous to simple bracelets in which the order of red and green beads is different. The second type is stereoisomers. In stereoisomers the connectivity is the same, but the parts are oriented differently in space.

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Chemical Bonding

#MatCongress2021

Chemical Bonding refers to the formation of a chemical bond between two or more atoms, molecules, or ions to give rise to a chemical compound. When atoms approach one another, their nuclei and electrons interact and tend to distribute themselves in space in such a way that the total energy is lower than it would be in any alternative arrangement. If the total energy of a group of atoms is lower than the sum of the energies of the component atoms, they then bond together and the energy lowering is the bonding energy.

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