Fullerites Carbons

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Carbon fullerenes can be formed by condensation of carbon vapor. Fullerenes were first produced by vaporizing solid graphite disk samples in a high-density helium flow via laser ablation and later by evaporating graphite electrodes via electric arc discharge into helium at sub atmospheric pressure. However, scale-up of these processes has proven difficult.

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Carbon Fibers

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Carbon Fiber is a polymer and is sometimes known as graphite fiber. It is a very strong material that is also very lightweight. Carbon fiber is five-times stronger than steel and twice as stiff. Carbon fiber is composed of carbon atoms bonded together to form a long chain. The fibers are extremely stiff, strong, and light, and are used in many processes to create excellent building materials. Carbon fibers have several advantages including high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion. These properties have made carbon fiber very popular in aerospace, civil engineering, military, and motorsports, along with other competition sports. However, they are relatively expensive when compared with similar fibers, such as glass fibers or plastic fibers.

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Whisker Toughening

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Whisker reinforcement of ceramic and glass materials lead to improved toughness along with other mechanical properties. The most significant toughening mechanisms in whisker reinforced ceramics are crack bridging, whisker pullout, and crack deflection, according to a large number of theoretical and experimental studies. Important parameters in whisker toughening are whisker volume fraction, pullout length, whisker strength, and whisker-matrix compatibility. Depending on the whisker-matrix combination selected, limitations may arise at high temperatures due to oxidation, chemical reaction, and creep.

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Fibrous Ceramics

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Fibrous-ceramic composite tiles have been invented to afford combinations of thermal-insulation and mechanical properties superior to those attainable by making tiles of fibrous ceramics alone or aerogels alone. These lightweight tiles can be tailored to a variety of applications that range from insulating cryogenic tanks to protecting spacecraft against reentry heating.

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Radiation Effects

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Radiation can be beneficial to a living organism if it affects only sick or harmful cells. When it starts to touch healthy cells. The study of the way in which exposure to radiation can affect living matter lies at the boundary of physics and biology. To predict the effect of radiation on a person would require at least the knowledge of the exact doses of radioactivity to which each of his organs is subjected. This information is rarely available, even more when the effect occurs years after an exposure, which is the general case. It is then impossible to link the effect with this bygone exposure since the effect may often be attributed to many other causes.

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Elastomeric Properties

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Elastomers were created as an alternative to natural rubber, and have expanded to include materials from thermoset rubber polymers used in the general rubber industry to high-performance fluoroelastomers for demanding chemical and automotive applications. Elastomer properties include resilience some elastomeric materials can be stretched repeatedly to twice their length and return to their original shape. Elastomer rubber compounds are made from five to ten ingredients, each ingredient playing a specific role. Polymer is the main component, and determines heat and chemical resistance, as well as low- temperature performance. Reinforcing filler is used, typically carbon black, for strength properties.

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Biofunctional Devices

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Biofunctional biomaterials are a new class of materials that show bioactivity and adaptability at any stage of bone growth. These materials include metals or metal alloys, ceramics, polymers and biocomposites. Similarly, naturally-inspired nanomaterials and nanometer surface featured modified materials can enhance bone growth if created to match bone’s unique micro to nano hierarchical structure. Nanoscale manipulation of existing biomaterials can incorporate antimicrobial properties which is desirable to prevent infection and failure of orthopedic devices.

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Organocatalysis

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Organocatalysis uses small organic molecules predominantly composed of C, H, O, N, S and P to accelerate chemical reactions. The advantages of organocatalysts include their lack of sensitivity to moisture and oxygen, their ready availability, low cost, and low toxicity, which confers a huge direct benefit in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates when compared with metal catalysts. Organocatalytic reactions affording achiral compounds opened unexplored pathways in the synthesis of densely functionalized aromatic moieties, olefins and useful molecules such as natural substances.

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Ion Exchangers

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Ion exchange is a water treatment process commonly used for water softening or demineralization, but it also is used to remove other substances from the water in processes such as dealkalization, deionization, and disinfection. Ion exchange describes a specific chemical process in which unwanted dissolved ions are exchanged for other ions with a similar charge. Ions are atoms or molecules containing a total number of electrons that are not equal to the total number of protons.

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Ionic Conductors

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Ionic solids contain defects that allow the migration of ions in an electric field Some solid materials have very high ionic conductivities at reasonable temperatures. The ionic bonding of many refractory compounds allows for ionic diffusion and correspondingly, under the influence of an electric field, ionic conduction.

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Epoxy

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An epoxy is a thermosetting polymer that possesses unique mechanical and resistance properties. The term epoxy can be used for the cured end product or any of the basic components within epoxy resins. An epoxy resin is a class of thermoset polymer made from a monomer that contains at least two epoxide groups. Epoxy resins can be homopolymerized or cross-linked into a three dimensional network using curatives. A broad assortment of curatives are available for ambient or thermal-curing and include polyfunctional acids, amines, phenols, thiols, alcohols and anhydrides, and are often known as curing agents or hardeners.

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Oligomer

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An oligomer is a molecule that consists of a few monomer units. Macromolecule is used for individual molecules of high molecular weight and polymer is used to denote a substance composed of macromolecules. Oligomers are built from the same monomer units as polymers, but their chain is much shorter. Polymers in dilute solutions are characterized by the following types of interactions: solvent–solvent, solvent–polymer segment, polymer segment–segment, solvent–surface, and polymer segment–surface, whereas for oligomer segment–segment interaction and local entropy effects are small.

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Elastomers

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Elastomers are polymers that are having a viscosity as well as elasticity and therefore are known as viscoelasticity. The molecules of elastomers held together by weak intermolecular forces, generally they exhibit low Young’s modulus and high yield strength or high failure strain. They inherit the unique property of regaining original shape and size after being stretched to a great extent. Elastomers can be classified into three broad groups: diene, non-diene, and thermoplastic elastomers. Diene elastomers are polymerized from monomers containing two sequential double bonds.

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Dendrimers

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Dendrimers are highly branched, star-shaped macromolecules with nanometer-scale dimensions. Dendrimers are defined by three components: a central core, an interior dendritic structure and an exterior surface with functional surface groups. The varied combination of these components yields products of different shapes and sizes with shielded interior cores that are ideal candidates for applications in both biological and materials sciences. While the attached surface groups affect the solubility and chelation ability, the varied cores impart unique properties to the cavity size, absorption capacity, and capture-release characteristics.

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Pearlite

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Pearlite is the product of the decomposition of austenite by a eutectoid reaction and comprises a lamellar arrangement of ferrite and cementite. The pearlite reaction provides an excellent example of the historical development of physical metallurgy and the importance of the interaction of experimental observations and the development of quantitative models.

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Martensitic

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Martensitic materials result from a specific type of phase transformation that produces the structure known as martensite. Martensitic transformations were first observed and described in steels although they occur also in may other materials. The martensite transformation begins at the martensite start temperature and ends at the martensite finish temperature and is influenced by carbon content. All steels containing martensite should be tempered. As heat treaters, we need to know that martensite in steel produces a hard, brittle microstructure that must be tempered to provide the delicate balance necessary between strength and toughness needed to produce a useful engineering material. When martensite is tempered, it partially decomposes into ferrite and cementite. Tempered martensite is not as hard as just-quenched martensite, but it is much tougher and is finer-grained as well.

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Cryogenic Steels

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Cryogenic steels from Dillinger put you on the safe side for extremely low temperatures. They retain adequate Charpy V-notch toughness, and thus high resistance to brittle fracture, even in the temperature range down to -196° C. This makes them the perfect choice for gas-liquefaction plants. A problem common to most steels is the fact that they become brittle, i.e. the toughness of the steel decreases, as temperature falls. This phenomenon occurs only to a reduced extent in cryogenic steels. Special alloying elements shift the steep loss of Charpy V-notch toughness under exposure to extreme cold to even lower temperature ranges.

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Permalloys

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Permalloys are characterized by high magnetic permeability, low coercive force and low magnetic loss. These attributes make them ideal materials for the cores of electronic power steering torque sensors, electrical current and other sensors, magnetic shields, and other applications. Permalloys are characterized by high magnetic permeability, low coercive force and low magnetic loss. These characteristics are less affected by molding of the permalloys with resins, making permalloys ideal for the cores of magnetic heads for card readers.

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Invar Materials

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Invar was formerly used for absolute standards of length measurement and is now used for surveying tapes and in watches and various other temperature-sensitive devices.

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Chalcogenides

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Chalcogenides are materials containing one or more chalcogen elements as a substantial constituent. They are covalently bonded materials and, although they may be amorphous or crystalline, they are fundamentally semiconductors with a band gap typically of 1–3 eV, depending on composition. CBulk chalcogenide glasshalcogenides, are particularly noted for their functionality, with strong, varied responses to optical, electrical and thermal stimuli.

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