Carbon Black

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Carbon black is composed of fine particles consisting mainly of carbon. Various features of carbon black are controlled in production by partially combusting oil or gases. Carbon black is widely used in various applications from black coloring pigment of newspaper inks to electric conductive agent of high-technology materials. Carbon black, any of a group of intensely black, finely divided forms of amorphous carbon, usually obtained as soot from partial combustion of hydrocarbons, used principally as reinforcing agents in automobile tires and other rubber products but also as extremely black pigments of high hiding power in printing ink, paint, and carbon paper. Carbon black is also used in protective coatings, plastics, and resistors for electronic circuits. As reinforcing filler it greatly increases resistance to wear and abrasion. Carbon black particles are usually spherical in shape and less regularly crystalline than graphite. Among the most finely divided materials known, carbon blacks vary widely in particle size depending on the process by which they are made.

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Xerogels

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Xerogels are a type of solid-formed gels, which are being prepared through drying slowly at the room temperature with an unconstrained shrinkage. Xerogels generally possess the properties of higher porosity and larger surface area together with very smaller pore sizes. These are prepared by the sol–gel methodology. In the sol–gel method for the preparation of xerogels, various metal alkoxide precursors, water and ethyl alcohol, are required. These xerogel-based materials do not produce any kinds of adverse tissue reactions and also degrade to silicic acid within the body.

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Aerogel

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Aerogel is not a specific mineral or material with a set chemical formula-rather, the term is used to encompass all materials with a specific geometrical structure. As aerogel has such diverse chemical and physical properties, it is no surprise that it also has a wide range of applications. Aerogel is being used to capture this comet dust, as it will be able to trap the small particles without physically altering them. When the particle hits the aerogel, it will be traveling at speeds of up to 6 times that of a rifle bullet, which means most substances would not be able to slow the dust down without heating and thus alteration taking place.

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Adsorption

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Adsorption is a process which involves the accumulation of a substance in molecular species in higher concentration on the surface. If we look at Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen, these gases adsorb on activated charcoal. Meanwhile, we have to note that adsorption is different from absorption. The two processes involve totally different mechanisms. Adsorption, capability of all solid substances to attract to their surfaces molecules of gases or solutions with which they are in contact. Solids that are used to adsorb gases or dissolved substances are called adsorbents; the adsorbed molecules are usually referred to collectively as the adsorbate. Adsorption process involves two components Adsorbent and Adsorbate. Adsorbent is the substance on the surface of which adsorption takes place. Adsorbate is the substance which is being adsorbed on the surface of adsorbent. Adsorbate gets adsorbed.

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Starch Polymers

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Starch is a polymer of glucose. It is formed by the attachment of glucose unit by glycosidic bonds. It exists in two forms amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is formed by linkage of glucose by alpha 1,4 glucose unit. It is a linear polymer. Starch and its derivatives are frequently used as additives in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

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Polymers

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Polymers make up many of the materials in living organisms, including, for example, proteins, cellulose, and nucleic acids. Polymers are not restricted to monomers of the same chemical composition or molecular weight and structure. Some natural polymers are composed of one kind of monomer. Most natural and synthetic polymers, however, are made up of two or more different types of monomers; such polymers are known as copolymers. Many important polymers have oxygen or nitrogen atoms, along with those of carbon, in the backbone chain. Among such macromolecular materials with oxygen atoms are polyacetals. The simplest polyacetal is polyformaldehyde. It has a high melting point and is crystalline and resistant to abrasion and the action of solvents.

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Hydrogels

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Hydrogels undergo a significant volume phase transition or gel-sol phase transition in response to certain physical and chemical stimuli. The physical stimuli include temperature, electric and magnetic fields, solvent composition, light intensity, and pressure, while the chemical or biochemical stimuli include pH, ions, and specific chemical compositions. Hydrogels can be physical, chemical, or biochemical. Physical gels can undergo a transition from liquid to a gel in response to a change in environmental conditions such as temperature, ionic concentration, pH, or other conditions such as mixing of two components. Chemical gels use covalent bonding that introduces mechanical integrity and degradation resistance compared to other weak materials.

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