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Mat Congress 2021
Present/talk by #submitting your #abstract under the #scientificsession of the topic @MatCongress2021 to be held at #Rome, Italy during March 31-April 01, 2021
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We welcome your #participation at our event #MatCongress2021 during March 31-April 01, 2021 @Rome, Italy
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Vanadate mineral, any of the many naturally occurring compounds of vanadium, oxygen, and various metals; most of these minerals are rare, having crystallized under very restricted conditions. Although vanadinite occasionally is mined as a vanadium ore and carnotite as a uranium ore, most vanadates have no economic importance; they are prized by mineral collectors, however, for their brilliant colours. The vanadates containing these tetrahedra are structurally and chemically similar to the phosphate and arsenate minerals; indeed, some vanadium in many of these vanadates often is replaced by phosphorus or arsenic, forming solid-solution series with both the phosphates and the arsenates.
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Actuators are mechanical or electro-mechanical devices that provide controlled and sometimes limited movements or positioning which are operated electrically, manually, or by various fluids such as air, hydraulic. Actuators are segregated by motion and power source. Linear actuators produce push/pull action. Rotary actuators produce rotational motion. In many cases, linear actuators begin with a rotary prime mover-a motor, typically whose rotation is converted to linear motion through a power screw or similar device.
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Photorefractive material is the one that changes its refractive index under illumination. However, the scientific community has come to define the photorefractive process very specifically as the reversible and dynamic change of the index due to an electronic process. So, photorefractive materials should not be confused with photochromic even though the observable macroscopic effect is similar. The photorefractive effect is a multiple-step process that starts with the absorption of photons and the generation of electric charges inside the material. This aspect is similar to the photovoltaic process. Both electron and hole charges are created because there is conservation of the material electrical neutrality.
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Photoresist is a material that is continuously worked with. This light sensitive material has two types, positive and negative, that react very differently when exposed to UV light; therefore, it is essential to understand each reaction in order to produce the best results in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. There are two types of photoresist, positive and negative resist, which are used in different applications. In positive resist, the exposed areas are solubly, in negative resist the exposed areas are insolubly for wet chemical development.
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Nonoxide ceramics include carbides, nitrides, borides, silicides, and others. Their applications include superhard abrasives, rocket nozzles, electrodes for metal melts, and heating elements.
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Magnetic levitation, sometimes called magnetic suspension, is the phenomenon in which two magnetic objects are repelled from each other in a vertical direction. The levitation process is quite remarkable. Since the levitating currents in the superconductor meet no resistance, they can adjust almost instantly to maintain the levitation. The suspended magnet can be moved, put into oscillation, or even spun rapidly and the levitation currents will adjust to keep it in suspension.
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Fluoride glasses belong to the non-oxide glasses, made from compounds of fluorine with zirconium. They can also contain various other heavy metals like lead. There are also indium fluoride glasses with improved infrared transmission at longer wavelengths. Fluoride glasses are notoriously difficult to produce with high optical quality. They have a high tendency for partial crystallization during the glass transition, and the resulting microcrystallites can deteriorate the transparency.
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Chalcogenides are compound formed predominately from one or more of the chalcogen elements; Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium. Although they were studied some fifty years ago, interest in chalcogenide glasses has emerged significantly as glasses, crystals, and alloys find new life in the wide range of optoelectronic devices. Various non-oxide glasses have been prepared and characterized in last few decades, thus widening the groups of chalcogen materials used in various optoelectronic glasses. The present review describes the composition of chalcogenide glasses, their synthesis and fabrication, their physical properties and potential applications in optoelectronics.
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Glass fibers are used as other reinforcement fibers in manufacturing of textile preforms for composites. The textile preform fabrication is done by weaving, braiding, knitting, and stitching and by using nonwoven techniques, and they can be chosen generally based on the end-use requirements. Glass fibers are used in manufacturing structural composites, printed circuit boards, and a wide range of special-purpose products. Glass fiber manufacturing is the high-temperature conversion of various raw materials, which are predominantly borosilicate, into a homogeneous melt, followed by the fabrication of this melt into glass fibers. The most important melt properties of fiberglass melts are the fiber-forming viscosity, the temperature at which fibers are formed, and the liquid temperature at which crystals can form within hours and remain in equilibrium with the melt.
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Ceramic Fiber is produced from high purity aluminosilicate material through strictly controlled high temperature furnace melting and fiberizing process. Ceramic fibers may be produced in various forms like blankets, felts, bulk fibers, vacuum-formed or cast shapes, paper, and textiles depending on the application area. Ceramic fibers have been researched extensively in the last quarter of the twentieth century past decade. One of the important applications has been the use of ceramic fibers as reinforcement of ceramic matrices to make ceramic matrix composites for high-temperature applications. Improvements in fracture resistance, strength, and creep resistance have been shown due to the incorporation of ceramic fibers into ceramic matrix composites.
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Bitumen, dense, highly viscous, petroleum-based hydrocarbon that is found in deposits such as oil sands and pitch lakes or is obtained as a residue of the distillation of crude oil. In some areas, particularly in the United States, bitumen is often called asphalt, though that name is almost universally used for the road-paving material made from a mixture of gravel, sand, and other fillers in a bituminous binder. Bitumen is also frequently called tar or pitch-though, properly speaking, tar is a byproduct of the carbonization of coal and pitch is actually obtained from the distillation of coal tar.
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Fullerene, also called buckminsterfullerene, any of a series of hollow carbon molecules that form either a closed cage or a cylinder. The fullerenes, particularly the highly symmetrical C60 sphere, have a beauty and elegance that excites the imagination of scientists and nonscientists alike, as they bridge aesthetic gaps between the sciences, architecture, mathematics, engineering, and the visual arts. They are excellent conductors of heat and electricity, and they possess an astonishing tensile strength. Such properties hold the promise of exciting applications in electronics, structural materials, and medicine. Practical applications, however, will only be realized when accurate structural control has been achieved over the synthesis of these new materials. Particularly interesting in fullerene chemistry are the so-called endohedral species, in which a metal atom is physically trapped inside a fullerene cage.
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Carbon is intimately connected to almost everything we deal with in a daily basis. Due to its outstanding properties, such as high stability at environmental conditions, different hybridizations, strong covalent bond formation and easy of compounds formation, carbon has been a topic of scientific interest in several areas. Carbon nanostructures continue to be a very fertile source of new science across several fields including. Carbon nanomaterials, specifically graphene, graphene oxide, nanotubes, and nanofibers owing to their high accessible surface area and porosity, capability of easy surface functionalization and suitability make them to serve as a support material for various types of adsorbents to solve the purpose of desulfurization.
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Carbon black is composed of fine particles consisting mainly of carbon. Various features of carbon black are controlled in production by partially combusting oil or gases. Carbon black is widely used in various applications from black coloring pigment of newspaper inks to electric conductive agent of high-technology materials. Carbon black, any of a group of intensely black, finely divided forms of amorphous carbon, usually obtained as soot from partial combustion of hydrocarbons, used principally as reinforcing agents in automobile tires and other rubber products but also as extremely black pigments of high hiding power in printing ink, paint, and carbon paper. Carbon black is also used in protective coatings, plastics, and resistors for electronic circuits. As reinforcing filler it greatly increases resistance to wear and abrasion. Carbon black particles are usually spherical in shape and less regularly crystalline than graphite. Among the most finely divided materials known, carbon blacks vary widely in particle size depending on the process by which they are made.
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Xerogels are a type of solid-formed gels, which are being prepared through drying slowly at the room temperature with an unconstrained shrinkage. Xerogels generally possess the properties of higher porosity and larger surface area together with very smaller pore sizes. These are prepared by the sol–gel methodology. In the sol–gel method for the preparation of xerogels, various metal alkoxide precursors, water and ethyl alcohol, are required. These xerogel-based materials do not produce any kinds of adverse tissue reactions and also degrade to silicic acid within the body.
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Aerogel is not a specific mineral or material with a set chemical formula-rather, the term is used to encompass all materials with a specific geometrical structure. As aerogel has such diverse chemical and physical properties, it is no surprise that it also has a wide range of applications. Aerogel is being used to capture this comet dust, as it will be able to trap the small particles without physically altering them. When the particle hits the aerogel, it will be traveling at speeds of up to 6 times that of a rifle bullet, which means most substances would not be able to slow the dust down without heating and thus alteration taking place.
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Adsorption is a process which involves the accumulation of a substance in molecular species in higher concentration on the surface. If we look at Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen, these gases adsorb on activated charcoal. Meanwhile, we have to note that adsorption is different from absorption. The two processes involve totally different mechanisms. Adsorption, capability of all solid substances to attract to their surfaces molecules of gases or solutions with which they are in contact. Solids that are used to adsorb gases or dissolved substances are called adsorbents; the adsorbed molecules are usually referred to collectively as the adsorbate. Adsorption process involves two components Adsorbent and Adsorbate. Adsorbent is the substance on the surface of which adsorption takes place. Adsorbate is the substance which is being adsorbed on the surface of adsorbent. Adsorbate gets adsorbed.
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Starch is a polymer of glucose. It is formed by the attachment of glucose unit by glycosidic bonds. It exists in two forms amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is formed by linkage of glucose by alpha 1,4 glucose unit. It is a linear polymer. Starch and its derivatives are frequently used as additives in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
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Polymers make up many of the materials in living organisms, including, for example, proteins, cellulose, and nucleic acids. Polymers are not restricted to monomers of the same chemical composition or molecular weight and structure. Some natural polymers are composed of one kind of monomer. Most natural and synthetic polymers, however, are made up of two or more different types of monomers; such polymers are known as copolymers. Many important polymers have oxygen or nitrogen atoms, along with those of carbon, in the backbone chain. Among such macromolecular materials with oxygen atoms are polyacetals. The simplest polyacetal is polyformaldehyde. It has a high melting point and is crystalline and resistant to abrasion and the action of solvents.
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Hydrogels undergo a significant volume phase transition or gel-sol phase transition in response to certain physical and chemical stimuli. The physical stimuli include temperature, electric and magnetic fields, solvent composition, light intensity, and pressure, while the chemical or biochemical stimuli include pH, ions, and specific chemical compositions. Hydrogels can be physical, chemical, or biochemical. Physical gels can undergo a transition from liquid to a gel in response to a change in environmental conditions such as temperature, ionic concentration, pH, or other conditions such as mixing of two components. Chemical gels use covalent bonding that introduces mechanical integrity and degradation resistance compared to other weak materials.
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