Carbon nanofibers, vapor grown carbon fibers, or vapor grown carbon nanofibers are cylindrical nanostructures with graphene layers arranged as stacked cones, cups or plates. Carbon nanofibers with graphene layers wrapped into perfect cylinders are called carbon nanotubes.
Carbon black is composed of fine particles consisting mainly of carbon. Various features of carbon black are controlled in production by partially combusting oil or gases. Carbon black is widely used in various applications from black coloring pigment of newspaper inks to electric conductive agent of high-technology materials.
Carbon aerogels exhibited higher surface areas, pore volumes, and capacitances than the carbon xerogels; in general, higher surface areas correlated with higher pore volumes, and higher capacitances correlated with higher surface areas and also with higher pore volumes, but not as closely.
Liquid crystalline polymers are polymers which in the melt state lie between the boundaries of solid substances and liquids. The liquid crystalline structure is called a mesomorphic phase or an anisotropic phase because macroscopically in the melt state the liquid crystalline polymers are fluids.
Oligomers are low molecular weight polymers comprising a small number of repeat units whose physical properties are significantly dependent on the length of the chain. Oligomers are essentially intermediates of the polymerization reaction that find wide, direct applications in material science.
Engineering thermoplastics and advanced engineering thermoplastics or ultrapolymers comprise a special, high-performance segment of synthetic plastic materials that offer premium properties. When properly formulated, ETP may be shaped into mechanically functional, semiprecision parts or structural components. This chapter presents a historical overview of the development of engineering thermoplastics covers the early pioneers in the field up to recent advances in engineering thermoplastics. In addition, it covers a broad range of chemistries, types of polymers, their properties, key performance features, and a brief description of targeted markets.
Starch is a polymer made by plants to store energy. They use energy from sunlight to make a simple sugar, glucose. Plants make polymers - starch - out of extra glucose, so it's right there when they need it.
Acrylic is a transparent plastic material with outstanding strength, stiffness, and optical clarity. Acrylic sheet is easy to fabricate, bonds well with adhesives and solvents, and is easy to thermoform. It has superior weathering properties compared to many other transparent plastics. Acrylic sheet exhibits glass-like qualities-clarity, brilliance, and transparency-but at half the weight and many times the impact resistance of glass. From durable signs and skylights, to eye-catching retail store fixtures, displays and shelves, acrylic plastics provide outstanding versatility, durability, and aesthetic qualities.
Epoxy resins may be reacted either with themselves through catalytic homopolymerisation, or with a wide range of co-reactants including polyfunctional amines, acids, phenols, alcohols and thiols. These co-reactants are often referred to as hardeners or curatives, and the cross-linking reaction is commonly referred to as curing.
These are resins produced by the complete poly-condensation of phenol and aldehydes for industrial uses as a replacement of natural resin such as shellac. They are available in solid and liquid form and is used in binders, articles, paints, molded pieces, laminated plastics and adhesives. They are used as chemically unmodified synthetic resins based on their capability to undergo cross-linking with hexamethylenetetramine
Phenolics are aromatic benzene ring compounds with one or more hydroxyl groups produced by plants mainly for protection against stress. The functions of phenolic compounds in plant physiology and interactions with biotic and abiotic environments are difficult to overestimate.
Carbon films are thin film coatings which consist predominantly of the chemical element carbon. They include plasma polymer films, amorphous carbon films, CVD diamond films as well as graphite films. Carbon films are produced by deposition using gas-phase deposition processes in most cases taking place in a vacuum: chemical vapor deposition, CVD or physical vapor deposition, PVD. They are deposited in the form of thin films with film thicknesses of just a few micrometres. Carbon films make it possible to implement a large number of surface functions, especially in the field of tribology - in other words, in applications where wear is a major factor.
Polysilicon is also known to be more resistive compared to single-crystal silicon. Common dopants for polysilicon are boron, arsenic, and phosphorous. The dopants are introduced after deposition. Polysilicon can be doped 3 ways: in-situ doping, diffusion, and ion implantation Polysilicon Substrates.
Hard coatings can be used in generic sense to include all coatings providing requisites resistance to the specific use environment. Thus ‘hard coatings’ would include not only tribological coatings but also optically hard coatings used in high power lenses, electronically hard coatings used in radiation environment, etc. In this paper we discuss ‘hard coatings’ in this general sense to show the common structure/property correlations determining the environmental resistance of these coatings in specific applications.
A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms. The molecule may be a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, or many other shapes and sizes.
A Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film is a nanostructured system formed when Langmuir films - or Langmuir monolayers (LM) - are transferred from the liquid-gas interface to solid supports during the vertical passage of the support through the monolayers. LB films can contain one or more monolayers of an organic material, deposited from the surface of a liquid onto a solid by immersing the solid substrate into (or from) the liquid. A monolayer is adsorbed homogeneously with each immersion or emersion step, thus films with very accurate thickness can be formed. This thickness is accurate because the thickness of each monolayer is known and can therefore be added to find the total thickness of a Langmuir–Blodgett film.
Optical Coatings are used to enhance the transmission or reflection of light at the surface of an optic. They are created with a variety of materials deposited on the optical surface using specialized methods. The exact combination of material and deposition method depends on the purpose the optical coating is intended to serve.
Optical thin films control the reflection and penetration of light by skillfully leveraging its properties. They are sometimes referred to as optical functional films or optical films. For colors the human eye can see and those it cannot, Geomatec's optical thin-film technology can control some or all of the colors depending on optical design needed. The composition of optical thin films can be single- or multiple-layered depending on the intended purposes and required performance. For special applications, it can have up to 100 layers or more under certain specifications. Optical thin films with multiple layers are called optical multilayer films. At Geomatec, we leverage the technology and knowledge of optical thin films that we have cultivated over the years to propose optimal film configurations that meet our customers' objectives and performance demands. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/material-science-conference
An oxide film is normally a thin layer deposited on the surface of a metal which has undergone an oxidation reaction from air or moisture surrounding the material. These oxide films are naturally produced in highly reactive materials from the top of the galvanic series.
Steel, alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon content ranges up to 2 percent. By far the most widely used material for building the world’s infrastructure and industries; it is used to fabricate everything from sewing needles to oil tankers. In addition, the tools required to build and manufacture such articles are also made of steel. The main reasons for the popularity of steel are the relatively low cost of making, forming, and processing it, the abundance of its two raw materials, and its unparalleled range of mechanical properties
Metals are opaque, lustrous elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity. Most metals are malleable and ductile and are, in general, denser than the other elemental substances. Approximately three-quarters of all known chemical elements are metals. The most abundant varieties in the Earth’s crust are aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. The vast majority of metals are found in ores, but a few such as copper, gold, platinum, and silver frequently occur in the free state because they do not readily react with other elements.
The mechanism of bacterial synthesis of polymers and copolymers of hydroxyalkanoic acids is described. The structural and physicochemical properties of polymers obtained by biosynthesis are identical to those of the polymers obtained by polymerisation of lactones. Polymers and copolymers of hydroxyalkanoic acids are readily crystallisable flexible-chain polymers, capable of forming films and fibres when the degree of polymerisation is higher than 500–600. These compounds are biodegradable.
Elastomer properties include resilience some elastomeric materials can be stretched repeatedly to twice their length and return to their original shape. They provide flexibility from their polymer composition, above glass transition temperature for end-use requirements, and don't melt in high temperatures.
Polysaccharides represent a large class of diverse macromolecules which naturally occur in nature. The basic building blocks are sugars joined together to make long chains, which may in some cases, be highly branched. Polysaccharides are predominantly found in plants, where they play two major roles. First, they act as an energy reserve in tissues such as seeds and tubers; almost always this role is played by starch. Second, a range of different polysaccharides such as cellulose and pectin form the basic skeletal structure of the plant. In this latter case, where mechanical strength is paramount, we can expect parameters such as chain stiffness to be much more important than in the former role, and this will clearly have implications for crystallization and crystallizability.
Polyurethanes are versatile, modern and safe. They are used in a wide variety of applications to create all manner of consumer and industrial products that play a crucial role in making our lives more convenient, comfortable and environmentally friendly. Polyurethane is a plastic material, which exists in various forms. It can be tailored to be either rigid or flexible, and is the material of choice for a broad range of end-user applications.
Artificial peptide bond formation provides clues to creation of life on Earth. The main constituents of cells, tissue, organs, and whole organisms are proteins, which are built by the addition of amino acids one after another to form long protein chains called polypeptides.
Optimization is a method of obtaining the best result under the given circumstances. It plays a vital role in machine design because the mechanical components are to be designed in an optimal manner. There are several methods available in the literature of optimization.
The most abundant are type I and III collagen in soft connective tissue and type II in cartilage. Possibly the oldest medical use of collagen is in its fiber form by way of the suture material, catgut.
Bone mineralization is the process by which mineral crystals are deposited in an organized fashion onto the organic ECM. This matrix surrounding the cells provides a template for mineral deposition and defines the sites where mineralization will commence, as well as the final dimensions of the crystals.
A composite material also called a composition material or shortened to composite, which is the common name is a material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure, differentiating composites from mixtures and solid solutions.
Polymers are materials made of long, repeating chains of molecules. The materials have unique properties, depending on the type of molecules being bonded and how they are bonded. Some polymers bend and stretch, like rubber and polyester. Others are hard and tough, like epoxies and glass.
A mesoporous material is a material containing pores with diameters between 2 and 50 nm, according to IUPAC nomenclature. For comparison, IUPAC defines microporous material as a material having pores smaller than 2 nm in diameter and macroporous material as a material having pores larger than 50 nm in diameter.
A natural material is any product or physical matter that comes from plants, animals, or the ground. Minerals and the metals that can be extracted from them are also considered to belong into this category. Natural materials are also often used in textiles. Types include: Biotic materials Wood Natural fibers Inorganic material Stone Native metal Composites Other natural materials.
Engineering bacteria to intelligently sense and respond to disease states, from infections to cancer, has become a promising focus of synthetic biology. Rapid advances in genetic engineering tools have enabled researchers to program cells to perform various sophisticated tasks. Scientists have found that a network of genes can be wired together to form a genetic circuit in which cells can be engineered to sense the environment and modulate their behavior or produce molecules in response.
Biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined together to form macromolecules. This process often consists of metabolic pathways.
Cotton is a natural fiber that comes from the seedpod of the cotton plant and is used to make many fabric types at every price point. The fiber is hollow in the center and, under the microscope, resembles a twisted ribbon. A plain weave produces fabrics like gingham, percale, chambray and broadcloth.
Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors and nonconductors or insulators. Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as silicon or germanium, or compounds such as gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide. In a process called doping, small amounts of impurities are added to pure semiconductors causing large changes in the conductivity of the material.
Ferritic–martensitic steels are potential candidates for long-life fast reactor core applications because they exhibit an excellent microstructural stability and swelling resistance with adequate mechanical properties after prolonged service in irradiation environments. In this class of materials, fully martensitic steels having about 9% chromium content are the most promising.
Ferrous alloys are iron containing compounds, having a valance of +2. The most common type of ferrous alloy is steel with carbon contents of between 0 and 2 weight percentage. Other alloying elements lead to the forming of carbides, which improve the material properties as hardness, tensile strength and hardenability. Mild steel, stainless steel, cast iron and wrought iron are other well-known ferrous metals, mainly praised for their tensile strength and durability. Ferrous alloys are also the most recycled materials in the word.
Organic materials are defined in modern chemistry as carbon-based compounds, originally derived from living organisms but now including lab-synthesized versions as well. Most are combinations of a few of the lightest elements, particularly hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Organic materials include the wood from which furniture is made, feathers, leather, and synthetic materials such as petroleum-based plastics. In spite of this variety they share some general characteristics. For example, many organic materials undergo fading, yellowing, or embrittlement in response to prolonged exposure to light or other forms of radiation, caused by breakdown of the covalent bonding structure shared by many carbon-containing compounds.
Mineralogy, scientific discipline that is concerned with all aspects of minerals, including their physical properties, chemical composition, internal crystal structure, and occurrence and distribution in nature and their origins in terms of the physicochemical conditions of formation. The goals of mineralogical studies may be quite diverse, ranging from the description and classification of a new or rare mineral, to an analysis of crystal structure involving determination of its internal atomic arrangement, or to the laboratory or industrial synthesis of mineral species at high temperatures and pressures. The methods employed in such studies are equally varied and include simple physical and chemical identification tests, determination of crystal symmetry, optical examination, X-ray diffraction, isotopic analysis, and other sophisticated procedures.
Submit your abstract under the session Functionally Graded Materialsfor Material Science Congress. In materials science Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) may be characterized by the variation in composition and structure gradually over volume, resulting in corresponding changes in the properties of the material. The materials can be designed for specific function and applications. Various approaches based on the bulk (particulate processing), preform processing, layer processing and melt processing are used to fabricate the functionally graded materials.
Submit your abstract under the session Crushed stone for Material Science Congress. Crushed stone or angular rock is a form of construction aggregate, typically produced by mining a suitable rock deposit and breaking the removed rock down to the desired size using crushers. It is distinct from gravel which is produced by natural processes of weathering and erosion, and typically has a more rounded shape.
Submit your abstract under the session Natural Fibersfor Material Science Congress. Natural fibers or natural fibres (see spelling differences) are fibers that are produced by plants, animals, and geological processes.
Submit your abstract under the session Natural Cellulose Fibersfor Material Science Congress. Cellulose fibers (/ˈsɛljʊloʊs, -loʊz/)[1] are fibers made with ethers or esters of cellulose, which can be obtained from the bark, wood or leaves of plants, or from other plant-based material.
